What is a Network interface controller (NIC) | Computer & Networking Basics | Computer Technology

Published: 20 April 2018
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What is a Network interface controller (NIC), Computer & Networking Basics for Beginners, Computer Technology Course.

A network interface controller is a computer hardware component that connects a computer to a computer network.NIC is also
known as a network interface card, network adapter, LAN adapter orphysical network interface and by similar terms.The network controller implements the electronic circuitry required to
communicate using a specific physical layer and data link layer standard such as Ethernet or Wi-Fi. NIC provides a base for a full network protocol stack, allowing communication among small groups of computers on the same local area network (LAN) and large-scale network communications through routable protocols, such as Internet Protocol (IP).The NIC allows computers to communicate over a computer network, either by using cables or wirelessly. The NIC is both a physical layer and data link layer device, as it provides physical access to a networking medium and, for IEEE 802 and similar network standards, provide a low-level addressing system through the use of MAC (Media AccessControl) addresses that are uniquely assigned to network interfaces.In mid 1980’s, Tim Rock, Richard Bennett, Pat Thaler, and another develop StarLAN, the basis for 5BASET Ethernet. In 1981, 3COM built the first 10 Mbits/Sec Ethernet adapters.The first NIC was organized at Jackson Hole in 1996 by Tony Zador. Since 2000, NIC has been held outside the USA in Europe on even-numbered yearsEarly network interface controllers were commonly implemented on expansion cards that plugged into a computer bus. The low cost and ubiquity of the Ethernet standard means that most new
computers have a network interface built into the motherboard.
Modern network interface controllers offer advanced features such as interrupt and DMA (Direct Memory Access) interfaces to the host processors, support for multiple receive and transmit queues, partitioning into multiple logical interfaces, and on-controller
network traffic processing such as the TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) offload engine.NIC Major Manufacturers are Intel, D-Link, Linksys, HP, Rosewill and Trendnet.

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