Hardware Overview | learn python | python for everybody
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Welcome back. Now, we're going to talk a little bit about hardware architecture. You might ask yourself sort of why all these terms, and words, and central processing unit, what I want from this section is I just want to define a few terms, so that I can use them in the rest of the course. That's really it. I want you to have some sense of the basic block diagram of things. Now in the old days, I'm going to show you three generations of hardware. I'm going to show you really old hardware from the 60s and 70s. I'm going to show you sort of medium old hardware from the 90s and early 2000s. And then, I'm going to show you sort of super brand new hardware that sort of this is a Raspberry Pi and it's the kind of highly integrated hardware that goes into things like the cellphone. So I'll kind of be going back and forth between three complete generations of hardware.
Play video starting at :1:7 and follow transcript1:07
But the picture and the concepts that I want you to understand are these terms. Central processing unit, main memory, secondary memory unit, and input/output devices. So we'll start with input/output devices. They are the way that this computer accesses the outside world. So things like the mouse, the keyboard, right, I got a keyboard here.
Play video starting at :1:31 and follow transcript1:31
Keyboard. Screen. All these things. I don't want to mess up the keyboard there. And so these are the input/output devices. There is a little, that's okay just mess up a little bit, no problem at all. Output devices, screens, and that's sort of how the humans in the outside world interact. Software, the main inside the computer, we have the central processing unit, and the main memory, and then the secondary memory.
And so it's probably easier for me to take the, neither the oldest nor the newest, to give you a sense of what is going on here. And so, if you had a desktop and maybe you still have one of these junky old desktops at home, they are the ones that are big and they make noise when they start up, they have in them a number of different parts and the closest thing that a computer has to intelligence is this. Central processing unit, CPU is what we call them. And if you look at the back side of this CPU it is actually a circuit. It's a highly sophisticated circuit with millions of transistors on it, and you've probably heard that, millions of transistors. It runs maybe three billion instructions per second. What does that mean? Well that means that an instruction is a set of electrical pulses, maybe 32 little wires or 64 little wires. And at three billion times a second, this is programmed to ask what's next. And it pulls what's next in these little electric wires.
Well, where does it get the answer to what's next? It gets the answer to what's next out of the memory. And so your program, when you write a program, let me draw this, when you write a program, you create a file on the secondary memory, like a Python file, and then at some point that is loaded into the main memory,
translated, and then your program is here. And then when the CPU says what next, your program feeds its first instruction. And then when that's done, the CPU says what's next? It feeds the second instruction, third instruction, fourth instruction. It's called the fetch-execute cycle.
And these two parts, the CPU and the main memory, are what participate. And the main memory is where you kind of live. Somewhere in there, a little tiny version of yourself is in there answering the questions that this is asking. Now you might say how smart is this, it's not really very smart at all. It's a really fast hand calculator with lots of storage is the best way to think about it.
And going back to the 60s and the 70s, this is a piece of hardware from a computer that was the size of a room with probably 20 refrigerators, all with modules that make this up. And in here, well you probably can't see it, you've got resistors, transistors, and capacitors, and then wires. The wires are all printed on this printed circuit board, otherwise known as PCB.
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