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refactoring is an essential practice in software development that involves restructuring existing code without changing its external behavior. a well-known book on this topic is "refactoring: improving the design of existing code" by martin fowler. it provides a comprehensive guide to various refactoring techniques, principles, and patterns that can help improve code quality, maintainability, and readability.
overview of refactoring concepts
1. **code smells**: these are indicators that something might be wrong with the code. common smells include duplicated code, long methods, large classes, and excessive parameters.
2. **refactoring techniques**: the book describes numerous refactoring techniques, each with a specific purpose. some common techniques include:
**extract method**: turning a fragment of code into a new method.
**rename variable**: changing variable names to improve clarity.
**inline method**: replacing a method call with the method's content if the method's body is as clear as the method name.
**move method**: moving a method from one class to another to improve cohesion.
3. **refactoring process**: the process typically involves:
identifying code smells.
choosing the appropriate refactoring technique.
implementing the refactor while ensuring that tests pass.
testing the refactored code to ensure that behavior remains unchanged.
example of refactoring in java
let’s illustrate some of these concepts with a simple example. we'll start with a class that exhibits some code smells and then refactor it.
#### original code with code smells
**code smells identified**:
1. **long method**: the `printinvoice` method does too much.
2. **duplicated calculation**: the calculation of total is repeated in the `calculatetotal` and in the print statement.
#### refactoring steps
1. **extract method**: we can extract the invoice printing logic into a separate method.
2. **use a separate class for invoice**: this ...
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